A negative question form is used to invite someone to do something. For example, いきませんか (Lit. "Won't you go?") is a negative question form of いきます and it is used as a form of invitation ("Would you like to...?"). Additional examples: みませんか ("Would you like to watch?"), しませんか ("Would you like to do it?"), and たべませんか ("Would you like to eat it?"). The following is how to respond to an invitation.

Invitation
A:	あした、コンサートに いきませんか。	A: Would you like to go to a concert tomorrow?
Accept
B:	いいですね。いきましょう。 (Go on to specify time, location, etc.)	B: Sure, that sounds good. Let's go.
Decline
B: B: B: A:	あしたは ちょっと。。。　 (Short version of the phrases below.) あしたは ちょっと つごうが わるいんです。 or あしたは ちょっと ようじが あるんです。 それは ざんねんですねえ。	B: Tomorrow is a little... B: Tomorrow is a little inconvenient for me. B: I have other things to do tomorrow. A: That's too bad.

See below for Ｖましょう expression.

We learned the expression かいものにいきます ("go shopping"). In this lesson, we will learn to use the same particle に preceded by a coming and going verb in its verb stem form: /Verb-stem + に/. This structure can be combined with a motion verb to express a notion of "come/go somewhere for the purpose of "or "come/go to V." Instead of V-stem, you can also use an activity noun such as ひるごはん or クラス as shown below.

The verb stem is a ます form of the verb minus ます. For example, たべ is the verb stem of たべます ("eat").

Destination		V-stem	に	Motion Verb
うちに／へ	おひるを	たべ	に	かえりました。	He went home to eat lunch.
本やに／へ	本を	かい	に	いきます。	I will go (to the bookstore) to buy books.
そこに／へ	何（なに）を	し	に	きましたか。	What did you come there for?
ここに／へ	また	あそび	に	きて下さい。	Please come to play again.
Destination		Noun	に	Motion Verb
カフェテリアに／へ		ひるごはん	に	いきました。	I went to cafeteria for lunch.
がっこうに／へ		クラス	に	いきます。	I'm going to school for classes.

Compare this structure with the following /V1て+ V2/ pattern we learned in Lesson 10. The two sentences below have exactly the opposite sequence of actions.

おひるごはんを	たべて	かえりました。	He ate lunch and went home.
おひるごはんを	たべに	かえりました。	He went home to eat lunch.

Caution: The Vて form cannot be used with the purpose statement. The sentence below is ungrammatical.

　おひるごはんを たべてに かえりました。[ungrammatical]

We can talk about events and activities using /Placeで ～が あります/ structure. で is the particle for activities. Don't use the particle に (= location of objects and people, NOT events and activities) for this expression.

The phrase って in ナイターって？ is a conversational form of と (a quotation marker). In this context, ナイターって？ means "(If you say) 'nighter,' [what do you mean?]" (= ナイターってなんですか). By the way, ナイター is a かたかな英語 (Katakana English) coined by Japanese to refer to a night game.

This lesson introduces a new verb form called the "volitional" form: /Verb-stem + ましょう/. This form is used to encourage someone to join in some action: "Let's V!" A verb stem is a ます form of verbs minus ます (e.g., verb stem of します is し).

	たべ ましょう。	Let's eat!
	今日 （ きょう ） は三 時 （じ） に かえりましょう。	Let's go home at 3:00 today!
	オーストラリアへ いきましょう。	Let's go to Australia!

The pattern /Verb stem + ましょうか/ can be used for making suggestions for understood topic.

A and B are talking about going to drink coffee.
A:	どこで コーヒーを のみましょうか。	Where shall we drink coffee?
B:	ぎんこうの まえの きっさてんで のみましょう。	Let's drink (coffee) at the coffee shop in front of the bank.
A and B are talking about studying together.
A:	今日 （ きょう ） のごご、どこで べんきょうしましょうか。	Where shall we study this afternoon?
B:	としょかんで しましょう。	Let's study at the library.
A and B has agreed on doing something on Friday.
A:	金曜日 （きんよう び ） に 何（なに）を しましょうか。	What shall we do on Friday?
B:	こうえんへ でかけましょうか。	Shall we go to the park?
A:	ええ、そうしましょう。	Yes, let's do that.

Ｗe learned the invitation pattern /Verb-stem + ませんか/. In response to an invitation, the pattern /Verb-stem + ましょうか/ can be used for volunteering something.

A:	こんばん、どこかで あいませんか。	Would you like to meet somewhere tonight?
B:	いいですね。 わたしが田中さんのいえへ い きましょうか。	OK, shall I go to Mr. Takana's (i.e., your) house?
A:	ええ、おねがいします。	Yes, please.
B:	じゃ、何時（なんじ）に いきましょうか。	Then, what time shall I come?
A:	七時半（しちじはん）は どうですか。	How about 7:30?
B:	いいですね。	That sounds good.

The /Question word + か/ structure creates English equivalents of "some+..." as shown below.

どこか	somewhere
なにか	something
いつか	someday, sometime
だれか	someone
どれか	one of the three or more
どちらか	either of the two

Particles が and を can be optionally dropped after QW + か as noted in parentheses below. Other particles cannot be dropped and must be kept.　いつか does not need any particle.

どこかに どこかへ	いきませんか	Would you like to go somewhere?
どこかで	たべませんか	Would you like to eat at somewhere?
なにか（を）	たべませんか。	Would you like to eat something?
いつか	えいがを みに いきましょう。	Let's go to see a movie some day/time.
だれかに	あいました。	I met someone.
だれかと	はなしました。	I spoke with someone.
だれか（が）	いますよ。	Someone is there.
どれか（を）	かいましょうか。	Shall we buy something (among many)?
どちらかに	します。	I will choose either of the two.

To respond negatively to a question involving QWか, we use the whole negation structure /QWも + Negative/ as shown below.

	Ａ：　テーブルの上に なにか（が） ありますか。	Is there something on the table?
	Ｂ：　いいえ、なにも ありません。	No, there isn't anything on the table.

Not all combinations of /QWも + negative/ are commonly used as a whole negation. The "n/a (not applicable)" below means the combination may not always work as predicted. We will not practice this pattern if it says "n/a".

QW か		QW も + Negative		Examples
どこか	somewhere	n/a
どこかで	in somewhere (activity)	n/a
どこかに	in somewhere (location)	どこにも + Neg.	not in anywhere	どこにも ないです。
どこかに 　どこか へ	to somewhere (destination)	どこにも + Neg. どこへも + Neg.	to nowhere	どこにも 行きません。 どこへも 行きません。
なにか	something	なにも + Neg.	not anything	なにも 食べません。
いつか	someday, sometime	n/a
だれか	someone	だれも + Neg.	not anyone	だれも いません。
だれかに	to someone	だれにも + Neg.	not to anyone	だれにも いいません。
どれか	one of the three or more	どれも + Neg.	not any one of them	どれも つかいません。
どれかに	to one of the three or more	どれにも + Neg.	not to any of them	どれにも しません。
どちらか	either of the two	どちらも + Neg.	not either of the two	どちらも すきじゃないです。
どちらかに	to either of the two	どちらにも + Neg.	to neither of the two	どちらにも しません。

When we actively choose something, or decide on something, we use the pattern /Ｎにします/.

When you passively accept something from a set of choices, you can use the pattern /Ｎでいいです/. で is the て-form of the copula です. Literally, Ｎでいいです means "N being (the choice), it is OK."

As idioms, you can use Ｎにします in the following ways:

The phrase particle だけ has the notion of "just/only."

When だけ is used to mark the subject, object, or contrast of the sentence, the particles が, を, and は, respectively, can be optionally dropped from the original sentence. (If they are not dropped, they follow the particle だけ.)

Other phrase particles (if they are present in the original sentence) must not be dropped. Particles に and と can precede or follow だけ.

Particles で and の follow だけ.