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The Vて form + ある expresses
a result of an intentional action: "[something] has been done
[intentionally]." The verbs used in this structure are transitive
verbs for the most part although intransitive verbs can be used
in some situations (marked by ).
The object of the verb can be marked by が or を (marked by ).
Note 1: The Vてある expresses that
someone has done something on purpose, but the Vている
form (resultant state) does not express any intention as shown below.
A: |
あのまどがあいていますね。 |
That window is open. [No implication of who did it.] |
B: |
あ、あのまどはあけてあるんですよ。
きょうはあついし、エアコンがこわれていますから。 |
Oh, that window has been opened [on purpose].
It's hot today, and the air conditioner is broken. |
The negative form of Vてある is Vてない.
The negative form of Vている is Vていない,
but if it is shortened to Vてない, the two forms become
identical.
A: |
かぎがかけてある? |
Is it locked [on purpose]? |
B: |
ううん、かけてないよ。 |
No, it's not locked [on purpose]. |
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A: |
でるとき、ドアにかぎをかけてる?
(= かけている) |
Do you lock the door when you go out [habitual action]? |
B: |
ううん、かけてないよ。
(= かけていない) |
No, I don't. |
Note 2: Since Vてある refers to
a state, not to an action, it cannot be used in a
request form. As a result, it is ungrammatical to say
かぎをかけてあって下さい.
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The verb おく is a う-verb that literally means "to put [down]"
as in かばんをおいた "I put down the bag" or in かばんがおいてある "The
bag has been put/planted/left [on purpose]."
The Vて form + おく expresses a preparation
for a future purpose/reason: "do something [in advance/for
a future purpose]." Both transitive and intransitive verbs
can be used in some situations. Intranstive verbs are marked by
below . The object of the verb must be marked by を (marked by ).
Vておく can be used in a request form ("Please
V in advance").
A: |
とうきょう大学に入りたんですけど、
何をしておかなければなりませんか。 |
I would like to enter Tokyo University,
what do I have to do [in advance]? |
B: |
よくべんきょうしておかなければなりません。 |
You must study a lot [in advance]. |
In conversations, the shortened form of Vておく,
Vとく is often used.
A: |
コーヒーを入れといたよ。 |
I poured the coffee [in advance]. |
B: |
ありがとう。 |
Thank you. |
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A: |
今、買っとかなくちゃ、なくなりますよ。
(= 買っておかなくちゃ) |
If you don't buy it now [in advance], there will be
no more. |
B: |
そうですね。今、買いに行きます。 |
You're right. I will go to buy it now. |
There are two similar ways to respond to the following query. Be
careful with the tense of the verb.
A: |
ドア、しめた? |
Did you close the door? |
B: |
うん、しめてあるよ。
うん、しめておいたよ。 |
Yes, it's closed [on purpose].
Yes, I closed it [in advance]. |
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