|
Grammar
Notes
for Dialogue 2
|
Vないで ("without V-ing") |
|
In Lesson 27, we learned a negative request form
that uses Vないで下さい
("Please don't V"). The plain negative verb
+ で structure has a different usage meaning "without
V-ing."
|
Neg. V |
で |
|
|
ニューヨークに行ったのに、
「じゆうのめがみ」を |
見ない |
で |
帰りました。 |
Despite that I went
to New York, I returned
without seeing the Statue of Liberty. |
あしたは食べたり、飲んだり |
しない |
で |
来て下さい。 |
Tomorrow, please come
without eating or drinking. |
ふとんを |
かけない |
で |
寝ちゃいけないよ。 |
You shouldn't go to
bed
without putting on the futon. |
Compare the following.
|
わえいじしょを使わないで、日本語の新聞が読めます。 |
I can read Japanese newspapers
without using a J-E dictionary. |
|
わえいじしょを使わなくても、日本語の新聞が読めます。 |
Even if I don't use a J-E dictionary,
I can read Japanese newspapers. |
In the Vて + おく expression ("V in advance"), the Vないで
form is grammatical, but Vなくて is not.
|
教育ママにならないでおこうと思っていたのに… |
I was thinking that I would stay as I was
without becoming an education mama. |
|
教育ママにならなくておこうと思っていたのに… |
[ungrammatical] |
|
V-stem + 方 ("how to V, a way of V-ing") |
|
The verb stem (Vます without ます) + 方 structure
expresses a "how to V" or a "way of V-ing."
|
V-stem |
方 |
|
|
コピーきの |
使い |
方 |
を教えて下さい。 |
Please show me how to use the copier. |
田中さんはうんてんの |
し |
方 |
が上手です。 |
Ms. Tanaka is good at how to drive. |
おちゃの |
出し |
方 |
をれんしゅうしています。 |
I'm practicing how to serve tea. |
おいしいコーヒーの |
入れ |
方 |
を知りません。 |
I don't know how to make good coffee. |
Note the usual object/subject/direction markers を/が/に
is replaced by の in this structure. With
particles で and へ or まで,
の is inserted after the particle instead of replacing
it. Note also that にの sequence is ungrammatical.
はし |
を |
使う |
|
はし |
の |
使い方 |
how to use chopsticks |
手紙 |
を |
書く
|
|
手紙 |
の |
書き方 |
how to write letters |
映画 |
を |
見る |
|
映画 |
の |
見方 |
how to watch movies |
しょうせつ |
を |
読む |
|
しょうせつ |
の |
読み方 |
how to read novels |
田中さん |
が |
食べる |
|
田中さん |
の |
食べ方 |
how Mr. Tanaka eats |
先生 |
に |
なる |
|
先生 |
の |
なり方 |
how to become a teacher |
先生 |
と |
話す |
|
先生 |
との |
話し方 |
how to speak with a teacher |
先生 |
に |
言う |
|
先生 |
にの |
言い方 |
[ungrammatical] |
先生 |
へ |
言う |
|
先生 |
への |
言い方 |
how to speak to a teacher |
えき |
へ
まで |
行く |
|
えき |
への
までの |
行き方 |
how to get to the station |
えき |
に |
行く |
|
えき |
にの |
行き方 |
[ungrammatical] |
デパート |
で |
買う |
|
デパート |
での |
買い方 |
how to buy at the dept. store |
しかたがない is an idiomatic expression that uses V-stem + 方.
This literally means "there is no way of doing," and it
is used to express a sense of resignation ("It can't be helped").
A: |
いくらだめって言っても、食べたがってこまるんですよ。 |
No matter how many times I told them
"No,"
they kept wanting to eat it---so annoying. |
B: |
しかたがありませんよ。あいては子供ですから。 |
Nothing can be done about it. They
are kids. |
|
ため ("for the purpose/sake of") |
|
The word ため is used to refer to a purpose. ため
cannot be used as a stand-alone noun and is required to have a modifier
in front of it. The particle に can be optionally
inserted. To expresses a purpose, the preceding
sentence must be non-past as noted by
below even if the overall statement is in the past tense.
S |
ため(に) |
|
|
日本語を勉強する |
ため(に) |
日本にりゅうがくしました。 |
I went to Japan in
order to study Japanese. |
日本語を勉強した |
ため(に) |
日本にりゅうがくしました。 |
[ungrammatical] |
If a noun precedes it, の is required.
N |
の |
ため(に) |
|
|
日本語の勉強 |
の |
ため(に) |
日本にりゅうがくします。 |
For the purpose of
studying Japanese, I'm going to Japan. |
子供 |
の |
ため |
だから、しかたがない。 |
It's for the sake
of children, so we can't help it. |
|
|